Medicine deals with treatments that work often but not always, so treatment success must be based on probability. Statistical methods lift medical research from the anecdotal to measured levels of probability. Statistics in Medicine, Third Edition offers a unique combination of reference information for practitioners and researchers, along with core statistical methods for medical and health care students. It makes medical statistics easy for the non-biostatistician by outlining the common statistical methods used in 90% of medical research and clearly explaining the underlying basics. The book does not require a significant level of statistical knowledge, and provides abundant clinical examples and exercises to reinforce concepts.
PRAISE FOR THE SECOND EDITION: "...the author presents statistical concepts in fairly simple language and in a format that will make it especially appealing to a clinician...All clinicians will find this book useful, whether they are students, residents, or practitioners...particularly helpful to clinicians who do not have the time or interest in getting comprehensive training in biostatistics, yet need to understand and use these concepts in their professional careers...particularly useful are the illustrations and examples, exercises along with their answers, appendixes, and use of real data. Formulas are explained clearly, in a step-by-step fashion...This is one of the few books that presents hard to understand statistical concepts applied to real-world medical data in a relatively simple manner. The second edition expands on the first and includes more advanced topics as well as current concepts." - DOODY Enterprises, Inc. "This book is excellent value for the clinician who wants to evaluate the research (s)he reads and for those who carry out research." - Margaret Moss, UK, for JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE FROM THE FOREWORD OF THE SECOND EDITION: "I congratulate Dr. Riffenburgh on his career as a medical statistician and for this useful text/reference book, which I commend to all who teach statistics to students in the health-related fields and to all who are engaged in or are consumers of health-related research." - W. M. (Mike) O'Fallon, Professor Emeritus and former Head of Biostatistics and Chair of the Dept. of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic
PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION: "This user-friendly text is laid out in a practical fashion that includes numerous examples for applying complex tests. This book is complete enough for even the hard core bioresearcher." - Richard A. Hill, University of California-Irvine "Statistics can be overwhelming for the health professional and Dr. Riffenburgh gives them the tools to make preparing proposals using statistical applications easy. I wholeheartedly recommend this book to any professional, novice or seasoned, involved in the research process." - Capt. Peggy McNulty, U.S. Naval Health Clinic, Hawaii
CONTENTS
0. Plan of This Book Format ("Roadmap" of Book) {1.1} Basic Concepts Needed to Use the Book {11.2} Lists of Chapters/Sections for Different Types of Courses 1. Designing a Study, Acquiring Data, & Writing for Journals Science in Medical Investigation {1.2, 12.1-2} How a Study is Constructed: Steps in Planning {12.3, 12.6} Sampling, Bias, and Randomization {1.6, 12.4-5} Mechanisms to Improve a Design {12.7} Planning Data {1.4, 12.8} Moving from Patient Records to a Spreadsheet Statistical Ethics in Medical Research {12.11} Reading Medical Articles {10} Writing Medical Articles Guides and References for Preparing an Article 2. Planning Analysis: What Do I Do with my Data? Statistical Notation {1.5} Selecting Statistical Software Selecting Statistical Methods Overview {12.9} Selection Tables {12.10 + extensive new} Example of Each Table Entry Accuracy, Precision, and Missing Data {1.3} 3. Basic Probability Discrete Random Variables Probability of an Event Probabilities of Multiple Events Continuous Random Variables Probability Distributions 4. Frequency Distributions {2} 5. Descriptive Statistics {3} 6. Finding Probabilities of Error {4.2, 4.6, 4.8, 13} 7. Confidence Intervals {4.1, 4.3-5, 4.7, 4.9, 14} 8. Hypothesis Testing: Concept and Practice {5 + new} 9. Interpreting Results Statistical significance p-values and post hoc confidence intervals Interim Analysis Bootstrapping 10. Tests on Categorical Data {6.1-3, 15.1-3, 15.5-8} 11. Risks, Odds, and ROC Curves {6.4, 15.4 + new} New section - current coverage of ROC curves is set out separately here with new coverage of a test of two ROC curves 12. Tests on Ranked Data {6.5-6, 16} 13. Tests on Means of Continuous Data {6.7-8, 17} 14. Multi-factor ANOVA and ANCOVA {18} 15. Tests on Variability and Distributions {old chapters 19+20 reduced/collapsed into one chapter} 16. Equivalence Tests {21} 17. Bayesian Analysis Bayes’ Rule Bayesian versus Frequentist Analysis Simple Bayesian Methods (examples included) When and When Not to Use Bayes 18. Sample Size Required in a Study {7, 22, new} (new section on post hoc power) (new section on power analysis for equivalence tests) 19. Modeling Concepts and Methods {8.1-3 + 23.1-5 rewritten + new} (new section on time-dependent models, illustrated by Markov chains + Monte Carlo) Old chapter 23 has been split into new chapters 19 and 20 20. Clinical Decisions Based on Models {8.4-6 + 23.7-8 + new) (new section on a Markov chain to reduce a flu epidemic) 21. Simple Regression and Correlation {24.1-6} Old chapter 24 split into new chapters 21 and 22 22. Multiple Regression {24.7-9 expanded} 23. Survival, Logistic Regression, and Cox Regression {25.1-3, 24.10} (new section on Cox Proportional-Hazards Regression) Old chapter 25 split into new chapters 23 and 24 24. Sequential Analysis and Time Series {25.4-6 rewritten} 25. Epidemiology {9} 26. Meta-analysis {10.6 expanded with new examples} 27. Agreement Methods in Reliability and Survey Analysis (kappa, Cronbach’s a, A, Propensity scores, etc.) 28. Methods You Might Meet, But Not Every Day {26 + new} (Cover canonical/factor analysis) Chapter Summaries References and Data Sources Tables of Probability Distributions Symbol Index Subject Index
